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BACKGROUND: By 2016, the proportion of Canadians older than 65 years of age will increase to 16%, and there will be an increase in the absolute number of cases of cardiovascular disease in older Canadians. The Canadian Heart Health Surveys database provides information about this population upon which health policy related to cardiovascular disease can be based. This paper presents for the first time population-based data on the risk factors for cardiovascular disease in older Canadians. METHODS: Canadians from all 10 provinces participated in surveys of cardiovascular risk factors; health insurance registries were used as sampling frames. In each province, probability samples of 2200 adults 18 to 74 years old not living in institutions, on reserves or in military camps were asked to participate in interviews and to undergo testing at clinics for major risk factors for cardiovascular disease. RESULTS: A total of 2739 men (response rate 70%) and 2617 women (response rate 66%) aged 55 to 74 years participated in the survey and also provided follow-up clinical measurements at the clinic. Overall, 52% of participants were hypertensive, 26% had isolated systolic hypertension, and 30% had a total blood cholesterol level of 6.2 mmol/L or greater. Rates of current smoking were lower in women than men (17% v. 22%). Overall, 87% of men and 78% of women who were current smokers smoked at least 10 cigarettes per day. Only slightly more than half of participants exercised at least once a week for at least 15 minutes, and almost half had a body mass index of 27 or greater. In only 4% was no major risk factor for cardiovascular disease detected. INTERPRETATION: Significant numbers of older Canadians have one or more major risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Many of these risk factors are amenable to modification. 相似文献
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Uptake of the water soluble 1,2-dimercaptopropanol (BAL) derivative 2,3-dimercapto-1-sulfonate (DMPS) into human red blood cells was found in vitro and the mode of penetration studied in detail. The compound entered erythrocytes in a concentration dependent manner. In contrast to sealed ghosts where inside and outside concentrations reached the same value, DMPS accumulated in intact erythrocytes. Since no binding of DMPS could be detected, the reason for accumulation was assumed to be a conversion of DMPS into chelates or metabolites which penetrated the membrane in a slower rate. A facilitated transport of DMPS mediated by the anion carrier protein was concluded on the basis of the following similarities with the anion transport: inhibition of [14C]DMPS-uptake by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), tetrathionate (90%), sulfate (50%), 5,5′-dithio bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) (25%); inhibition of uptake and efflux by 4,4′-diisothiocyano-2,2′-stilbene disulfonate (DIDS) (80%), dipyridamole (55%); temperature dependency (activation energy 24 Kcal/mol); pH-dependency (pH optimum about 6.9); counter-transport; activation of uptake by preincubation with DMPS (transmembrane effect). 相似文献
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Phylogenetic relationships of bolitoglossine salamanders: a demonstration of the effects of combining morphological and molecular data sets 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
We analyzed sequence data for 555 bp of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b
in plethodontid salamanders, taken from 18 ingroup (tribe Bolitoglossini)
and 4 outgroup (tribe Plethodontini) taxa. There were 257 variable sites,
of which 219 were phylogenetically informative. Sequence differences among
taxa exceeded 20%, and there were up to 15% amino acid differences among
the sequences. We also analyzed 37 morphological (including karyological)
characters, taken from the literature. Data were analyzed separately and
then combined using parsimony and likelihood approaches. There is little
conflict between the morphological and DNA data, and that which occurs is
at nodes that are weakly supported by one or both of the data sets. Treated
separately, the morphological and DNA data provide strong support for some
nodes but not for others. The combined data act synergistically so that
good support is obtained for nearly all of the nodes in the tree. Recent
divergences are supported by silent transitions, and older divergences are
supported by a combination of morphological, karyological, DNA
transversion, and amino acid changes. Eliminating silent changes from the
DNA data improves the consistency index and improves some bootstrap and
decay index values for several deeper branches in the tree. However, the
combined data set with all characters included provides a better supported
tree overall. Maximum likelihood and parsimony with all of the data give
not only the same topology but also remarkably similar branch lengths.
Results of this analysis support the monopoly of the supergenera
Hydromantes and Batrachoseps, and of a sister group relationship of
Batrachoseps and the supergenus Bolitoglossa (represented in this study one
species of the genus Bolitoglossa).
相似文献
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Familial mental retardation syndrome ATR-16 due to an inherited cryptic subtelomeric translocation, t(3;16)(q29;p13.3) 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4 下载免费PDF全文
Holinski-Feder E Reyniers E Uhrig S Golla A Wauters J Kroisel P Bossuyt P Rost I Jedele K Zierler H Schwab S Wildenauer D Speicher MR Willems PJ Meitinger T Kooy RF 《American journal of human genetics》2000,66(1):16-25
In the search for genetic causes of mental retardation, we have studied a five-generation family that includes 10 individuals in generations IV and V who are affected with mild-to-moderate mental retardation and mild, nonspecific dysmorphic features. The disease is inherited in a seemingly autosomal dominant fashion with reduced penetrance. The pedigree is unusual because of (1) its size and (2) the fact that individuals with the disease appear only in the last two generations, which is suggestive of anticipation. Standard clinical and laboratory screening protocols and extended cytogenetic analysis, including the use of high-resolution karyotyping and multiplex FISH (M-FISH), could not reveal the cause of the mental retardation. Therefore, a whole-genome scan was performed, by linkage analysis, with microsatellite markers. The phenotype was linked to chromosome 16p13.3, and, unexpectedly, a deletion of a part of 16pter was demonstrated in patients, similar to the deletion observed in patients with ATR-16 syndrome. Subsequent FISH analysis demonstrated that patients inherited a duplication of terminal 3q in addition to the deletion of 16p. FISH analysis of obligate carriers revealed that a balanced translocation between the terminal parts of 16p and 3q segregated in this family. This case reinforces the role of cryptic (cytogenetically invisible) subtelomeric translocations in mental retardation, which is estimated by others to be implicated in 5%-10% of cases. 相似文献
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Dieter B. Wildenauer Beate Ch. Zeeb-Wälde 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》1983,116(2):469-477
Radioactively labeled 7-azido-fluphenazine and 7-azido-triflupromazine methiodide have been synthesized and their binding to membranes of intact red blood cells and to ghosts was compared after irradiation. The results indicated that tertiary phenothiazines react with integral membrane components. We conclude from the results that amphiphilic substances solubilize in biological membranes. This is in contradiction to the proposal that these compounds are excluded from the hydrophobic core of biological membranes (Conrad & Singer (1979) Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A. 76, 5202-5206 and (1981) Biochemistry 20, 808-818). 相似文献
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William J Holmes Richard AJ Darby Martin DB Wilks Rodney Smith Roslyn M Bill 《Microbial cell factories》2009,8(1):35-14